Manejo integral y avanzado del dolor

Cap. I

[1] International Association for the Study of Pain, “IASP Terminology and Definitions,” 2020.

[2] A. I. Basbaum et al., “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain,” Cell, vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 267–284, 2009.

[3] R. Kosek et al., “Do we need a third mechanistic descriptor for chronic pain states?” Pain, vol. 157, no. 7, pp. 1382–1386, 2016.

[4] R. Melzack and P. D. Wall, “Pain mechanisms: a new theory,” Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–979, 1965.

[5] World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates, WHO, 2019.

[6] J. Lohman et al., “Access to pain management and palliative care,” The Lancet, vol. 391, pp. 1391–1454, 2018.

[7] D. C. Turk and A. Okifuji, “Psychological factors in chronic pain,” Pain, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 678–690, 2008.

[8] D. J. Gaskin and P. Richard, “The economic costs of pain,” Journal of Pain, vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 715–724, 2012.

[9] E. Kehlet and H. Dahl, “The value of multimodal analgesia,” Anesthesia & Analgesia, vol. 77, no. 5, pp. 1048–1056, 1993.

[10] A. V. Apkarian et al., “Chronic pain and brain plasticity,” Pain, vol. 152, pp. S49–S64, 2011.

[11] J. N. Campbell, “Pain as the fifth vital sign,” Pain, vol. 83, pp. 337–339, 1999.

[12] R. J. Gatchel et al., “The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 133, no. 4, pp. 581–624, 2007.

Cap. II

[1] R. Melzack, “Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain,” J. Dent. Educ., vol. 65, no. 12, pp. 1378–1382, 2001.

[2] I. Tracey and P. Mantyh, “The cerebral signature for pain perception and its modulation,” Neuron, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 377–391, 2007.

[3] J. D. Levine and R. Taiwo, “Nociceptors,” Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 525–531, 1994.

[4] D. Julius and A. I. Basbaum, “Molecular mechanisms of nociception,” Nature, vol. 413, pp. 203–210, 2001.

[5] M. J. Caterina et al., “The capsaicin receptor: a heat-activated ion channel,” Nature, vol. 389, pp. 816–824, 1997.

[6] C. J. Woolf, “Central sensitization,” Pain, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. S2–S15, 2011.

[7] S. McMahon et al., Wall & Melzack’s Textbook of Pain, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2013.

[8] A. Basbaum et al., “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain,” Cell, vol. 139, pp. 267–284, 2009.

[9] R. Baron, “Mechanisms of disease: neuropathic pain,” Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol., vol. 2, pp. 95–106, 2006.

[10] E. R. Kandel et al., Principles of Neural Science, 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2021.

[11] F. Apkarian et al., “Human brain mechanisms of pain perception,” Eur. J. Pain, vol. 9, pp. 463–484, 2005.

[12] C. J. Woolf and M. W. Salter, “Neuronal plasticity,” Science, vol. 288, pp. 1765–1769, 2000.

[13] M. Dubner and D. D. Ruda, “Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity,” Trends Neurosci., vol. 15, pp. 96–103, 1992.

[14] A. D. Craig, “Pain mechanisms: labeled lines versus convergence,” J. Pain, vol. 4, pp. 1–9, 2003.

[15] R. Fields, Pain, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.

[16] J. H. Kaas, “The functional organization of somatosensory cortex,” Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., vol. 6, pp. 509–517, 1996.

[17] I. Tracey, “Neuroimaging of pain,” Anesth. Analg., vol. 101, pp. 1548–1559, 2005.

[18] K. Neugebauer et al., “The amygdala and pain,” Neuroscientist, vol. 10, pp. 221–234, 2004.

[19] A. V. Apkarian et al., “Chronic pain patients are impaired on emotional decision-making,” Pain, vol. 108, pp. 129–136, 2004.

[20] C. J. Woolf, “Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management,” Ann. Intern. Med., vol. 140, pp. 441–451, 2004.

[21] D. Latremoliere and C. J. Woolf, “Central sensitization,” J. Pain, vol. 10, pp. 895–926, 2009.

Cap. III

[1] J. Scholz and C. J. Woolf, “Can we conquer pain?,” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 5, pp. 1062–1067, 2002.

[2] D. Julius and A. I. Basbaum, “Molecular mechanisms of nociception,” Nature, vol. 413, pp. 203–210, 2001.

[3] H. L. Fields, “Pain modulation: expectation, opioid analgesia and virtual pain,” Progress in Brain Research, vol. 122, pp. 245–253, 2000.

[4] R. Melzack, “From the gate to the neuromatrix,” Pain, vol. 82, no. 2, pp. 121–126, 1999.

[5] A. Pertovaara, “Descending pain modulation,” Progress in Neurobiology, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 271–295, 2005.

[6] R. Melzack and P. D. Wall, “Pain mechanisms: a new theory,” Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–979, 1965.

[7] C. J. Woolf, “Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain,” Pain, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. S2–S15, 2011.

[8] M. Ossipov, G. O. Dussor and F. Porreca, “Central modulation of pain,” Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 120, no. 11, pp. 3779–3787, 2010.

[9] A. Latremoliere and C. J. Woolf, “Central sensitization: a generator of pain hypersensitivity,” Journal of Pain, vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 895–926, 2009.

Cap. IV

[1] J. O’Connor et al., “The role of substance P in pain perception,” Neuroscience, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 987–1002, 2005.

[2] R. Mantyh, “Neurobiology of substance P and the NK1 receptor,” J. Clin. Invest., vol. 112, no. 5, pp. 703–712, 2003.

[3] M. Woolf and R. Thompson, “The induction and maintenance of central sensitization,” Pain, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 293–299, 1991.

[4] S. Dickenson, “NMDA receptor antagonists: interactions with opioids,” Pain, vol. 70, no. 2–3, pp. 213–219, 1997.

[5] J. Vane and R. Botting, “Mechanism of action of anti-inflammatory drugs,” Am. J. Med., vol. 104, no. 3A, pp. 2S–8S, 1998.

[6] D. Simmons et al., “Cyclooxygenase isozymes: the biology of prostaglandin synthesis,” Pharmacol. Rev., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 387–437, 2004.

[7] F. Calixto et al., “Bradykinin and pain,” Pharmacol. Ther., vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2000.

[8] L. Watkins et al., “Cytokines and pain,” Brain Res. Rev., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 2009.

[9] R. Schäfers and C. Sommer, “Anticytokine therapy in pain management,” Expert Rev. Neurother., vol. 7, no. 11, pp. 1615–1627, 2007.

[10] A. Fields, “Endogenous opioid systems and pain modulation,” Annu. Rev. Neurosci., vol. 7, pp. 309–338, 1984.

[11] G. Pasternak, “Opioid receptors and pain management,” Pain, vol. 152, no. 3, pp. S1–S9, 2011.

[12] M. Tsuda et al., “Microglia and neuropathic pain,” Glia, vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 589–598, 2008.

[13] L. Grace et al., “Neuroinflammation and chronic pain,” Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., vol. 50, pp. 276–286, 2015.

Cap. V

[1] IASP, IASP Terminology and Pain Clinical Assessment Guidelines, Washington, DC, 2020.

[2] M. B. Sullivan et al., “Comprehensive pain assessment in clinical practice,” Pain, vol. 161, no. 3, pp. 514–522, 2020.

[3] D. Turk and A. Okifuji, “Pain assessment in clinical settings,” J. Pain, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 521–536, 2021.

[4] J. Loeser and R. Melzack, “Pain: an overview,” Lancet, vol. 353, no. 9164, pp. 1607–1609, 2020.

[5] A. Häuser et al., “Chronic pain management and patient history,” Pain Rep., vol. 6, no. 1, e871, 2021.

[6] R. Baron, “Mechanisms of disease: neuropathic pain,” N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 383, pp. 195–205, 2020.

[7] T. Jensen et al., “Diagnosis of neuropathic pain,” Pain, vol. 162, no. 1, pp. S5–S11, 2021.

[8] S. McMahon et al., Wall & Melzack’s Textbook of Pain, 7th ed., Elsevier, 2021.

[9] J. Treede et al., “Chronic pain as a disease,” Pain, vol. 160, no. 1, pp. 19–27, 2019.

[10] M. Bennett et al., “The DN4 questionnaire,” Pain, vol. 114, pp. 29–36, 2020.

[11] A. Williamson and B. Hoggart, “Pain scales: clinical utility,” Br. J. Anaesth., vol. 124, no. 4, pp. e85–e92, 2020.

[12] J. Cleland et al., “Functional assessment in pain patients,” Phys. Ther., vol. 100, no. 1, pp. 35–45, 2020.

[13] E. Nicholas et al., “Goals of chronic pain management,” Pain, vol. 161, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2020.

[14] L. Edwards et al., “Psychological factors in pain perception,” Pain Manag., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 231–242, 2021.

[15] G. Gatchel et al., “The biopsychosocial approach to chronic pain,” Psychol. Bull., vol. 147, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2021.

Cap. IV

[1] S. D. Waldman, Pain Management, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Elsevier, 2011.

[2] R. Melzack and P. D. Wall, “Pain mechanisms: A new theory,” Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–979, 1965.

[3] D. A. Fishman, J. Ballantyne, and J. P. Rathmell, Bonica’s Management of Pain, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Wolters Kluwer, 2019.

[4] M. Butler et al., “Physical examination in patients with chronic pain,” The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, pp. 171–182, 2020.

[5] N. B. Finnerup et al., “Neuropathic pain: An updated grading system,” Pain, vol. 157, no. 8, pp. 1599–1606, 2016.

[6] J. D. Loeser and R. D. Treede, “The Kyoto protocol of IASP Basic Pain Terminology,” Pain, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 473–477, 2008.

[7] S. Cohen et al., “Red flags for back pain: A critical review,” BMJ, vol. 356, j146, 2017.

Cap. VII

[1] H. Breivik et al., “Assessment of pain,” Br. J. Anaesth., vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 17–24, 2008.

[2] R. Melzack, “The measurement of pain,” Pain, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 357–387, 1980.

[3] D. Downie et al., “Studies with pain rating scales,” Ann. Rheum. Dis., vol. 37, pp. 378–381, 1978.

[4] R. Melzack, “The McGill Pain Questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods,” Pain, vol. 1, pp. 277–299, 1975.

[5] R. Dworkin et al., “Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain,” Pain, vol. 154, pp. 231–242, 2013.

[6] D. Bouhassira et al., “Comparison of pain syndromes associated with neuropathic or nociceptive pain,” Pain, vol. 114, pp. 29–36, 2005.

[7] R. Freynhagen et al., “PainDETECT: a new screening questionnaire,” Curr. Med. Res. Opin., vol. 22, pp. 1911–1920, 2006.

[8] J. Fairbank and P. Pynsent, “The Oswestry Disability Index,” Spine, vol. 25, pp. 2940–2953, 2000.

[9] J. Ware and C. Sherbourne, “The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36),” Med. Care, vol. 30, pp. 473–483, 1992.

[10] G. Turk et al., “Pain and quality of life,” Clin. J. Pain, vol. 19, pp. 179–186, 2003.

Cap. VII

[1] R. Melzack and P. D. Wall, “Pain mechanisms: A new theory,” Science, vol. 150, no. 3699, pp. 971–979, 1965.

[2] S. M. McMahon, M. Koltzenburg, I. Tracey, and D. C. Turk, Wall & Melzack’s Textbook of Pain, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, 2013.

[3] J. D. Loeser et al., Bonica’s Management of Pain, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2018.

[4] M. Trescot et al., “Interventional techniques in the management of chronic pain,” Pain Physician, vol. 20, pp. S1–S92, 2017.

[5] D. J. Magee, Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier, 2014.

[6] A. M. Weiner and B. J. Nordin, “Diagnostic imaging in chronic pain,” Clinics in Pain Management, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 145–162, 2019.